Objectives: One of the outcomes of the ongoing urbanization in developing countries is the urbanization of poverty and the concomitant formation of informal settlements in or around mainly the large cities. These settlements are the physical manifestation of poverty and are the home for the poor who cannot afford to buy their house from the formal market and in accordance with zoning and building regulations. In spite of many common characteristics, two categories of informal settlements have been distinguished in the literature in terms of their capability to progress or regress. This article will examine the existence and the attributes of these categories in an Iranian city, named Kermanshah with around 800 thousands inhabitants, of which 150 thousands live in informal settlements and this figure is growing hastily.Method: An empirical study combining both quantitative and qualitative methods was undertaken. The necessary data and information at city scale are collected from the existing sources, such as formal documents, official reports and statistical publications, aerial and satellite pictures and previous academic researches. For the selected cases, field observations and sampling survey have been used for the quantitative data and focused group discussions have been undertaken for the qualitative data. In addition, more than thirty hours of planned and serial interviews with the informal settlers, local authorities, and experts were recorded about the concealed aspects of these settlements. The field observations have done through one and a half year, in a semi-participatory and semi-apparent manner. A major part of households data are collected through 200 questionnaires, administered in three neighbors. The analysis of collected data was done with the help of SPSS and GIS software.Findings: Fundamental differences observed amongst informal settlements which are in progressing or depressing states. Thus, the categorization of slums of hope and slums of despair is true in the case of Kermanshah city. In case of slums of hope, the socio-economic status of dwellers is improving. They are not new and are consolidated gradually with the formal part of city. Most of them were formed informal (but not necessarily illegal) on subdivided agricultural lands in or adjacent to the city, bought from big landlords. During the past decades, taking advantage of the philanthropic attitude of the state, they have been marching toward a higher level and though the relative poverty is a major issue, the absolute poverty is almost nonexistent. In case of slums of despair, the situation is vice versa. They are a minor portion of all informal settlements, squatting illegally with the support of clandestine bands. In the wake of secure tenure and lack of basic social services, the accumulation of very poor people, has created a cycle of poverty. As a result, the socio-economic and physical indicators are very low and downgrading. In contrast to conventional formulation, not all the dwellers of slums of despair are low income rural migrants, but some previously urban habitants were resettled in these pockets of poverty due to some pathological causes. The major differential factors between the two categories derive from the background of dwellers, the originating formation and the contextual socio-economic and environmental conditions, as well as the crucial effect of municipal and urban planning approach toward them.Results: Considering the importance of urban planning approach on the informal settlements, different policies for regularization and upgrading of these settlements should be employed on the basis of distinguishing their status as being a slum of hope or despair. There is an urgent need for remedies in case of slums of despair, mostly revolve around providing social services (e.g., social security, health and educational services) and income generation programs (e.g., LED and CED). In case of slums of despair, the pivotal policy should be concentrated on building citizenship through institutionalization of community efforts for physical upgrading as part of initiating good governance.

One of the most important social problem after world warII in developing country is rapid urbanization. In most of the developing country yearly growth urban population is among 5 untill 8 percent. This urban explosive grow and the slums are effect of the inside immigration from village to urban, that call in various place and various form like marginal, squatter, Illegal, Irregular, spontaneous, unauthorized, informal settlement.Our country (IRAN) like other developing country encounter with this problem. At present in most urban and industrial city like Arak city there are slums.These thesis investigate structural and cultural feature of slums (Bagh Khalaj district) that doing with document and surveying at first abstract of science literature (definitions, scores and feature) of slums in other country and Iran and then survey physical and humanly structure of Arak city.After that survey slums and especially Bagh Khalaj district (case study) in Arak city. At the end of thesis on the base of results and to point out strategy, limitations, facilities and problems and then present solutions.

Personal and social problems which caused by intellectual, emotional and spiritual conflicts are one of the factors which leads poets to despair, grief and pessimism. The examination of Shahriar poems indicated his emotional, sentimental, and sensitive moods towards his surroundings and society. Despair and pessimism, loneliness and even thinking about death are obvious in his poems. These are rooted in emotional issues, complaint about the beloved, loneliness and homesickness, social issues, failure to the youthfulness, nostalgia of childhood and cultural, political and economic issues. These factors caused his poems to be regarded as a black literature in a way that his emotional and spiritual thinking leads him to Misanthropy, and thinking about death. The present paper aimed to present some samples of his grief and despair which were illustrated in his dark, despair and sad poems.

Sadegh Hedayat is the most distinguished and contemporary author of black literature at the field of writing story in Iran which his works has formed on the basis of excessive despair. In this essay, it has first introduced signs of despair at his states and works, then analyzed causes of his despair with regard to historical, sociological and psychological approaches. It should be emphasized that his pessimism feeling has originated from his personal characteristics as well as various mental, political, social and family factors. Thus, mental philosophical atmosphere and common literary schools of Hedayat's age have been explained. Also, political events of Iran and world have been described especially during the reign of Reza Shah ,which was the first era of black literature in Iran. Moreover, it presents family and social problems causing Hedayat's despair.

The city of Bandar Abbas is considered to be as the most important city in south of Iran. witch is strong political role in Hormozgan Province. According to the Intest used census the population of Bandar Abbas is estimated to be about three hundred and thirty thousands. This mean that the population of the city in the last fifty years shows an average growth of 6.3% and has grown 21 times. With regard to the estimation done almost tow fifth of the population in the city and a least 30% of the structural formal of the city is occupied by the uncommon group of people with low income who have a completely different pattern of social living with other common residents Based on both subjective as well as field studies. Carried out the informal living areas for the uncommon group with low income in Bandar Abbas city are divided in to ten different districts. For this purpose a questionnaire made and distributed among 1200 people who live in the boundaries of these ten districts within different parts of the city, this was done according to random sampling (RPS) which was finally analyzed and the areas in mind were ranked according to poverty indexes and a number of solutions for the renewal of the slums concerned were offered.

Objective: To ascertain the utilization of the emergency contraception and to evaluate the impact of intervention on acceptability and utilization of emergency contraceptive pills. Materials and Methods: This community based cross sectional study was carried out by the department of community medicine in the slums of Chandigarh. The study sample was chosen by two stage systematic sampling. Participants were assessed regarding emergency contraception utilization and its various aspects and was also imparted correct knowledge regarding this mode of contraception. The women were reassessed again after six months to see the impact of the knowledge imparted to them on utilization of emergency contraception. Results: The study comprised of 1448, females and maximum were in the age group 26-35 years i.e. 717 (49.5%) followed by those in age group 19-25 yr i.e. 485 (33.5%). Considering their education, 674 (46.5%) women were illiterate. Only, 1.4% respondents had ever used emergency contraception. Sources of information so enumerated of emergency contraception were, health workers (0.8%), friends (0.6%), doctors/ health physicians (0.4%) media (0.3%) and books (0.1%). None of the respondent knew about the correct time span during which they should be used. The increase in utilization of emergency contraception from 1.4% to 4.2% was noticed in reassessment after 6months. Conclusion: Correct knowledge and awareness regarding emergency contraception can increase the utilization of it.

In some point of view, neither Michel Foucault nor Ibn Khaldun are considered philosophers in the conventional classifications, but both are very  important in intellectual and, of course, in philosophical contexts, especially for those who are interested in the deep study of human life from the perspective of political thought.The main concern of two thinkers, one in the 14th century, the other in the 20th century, is the issue  of power, although neither of them provided a precise definition of it. In this article, an attempt has been made to show the place of power and domination in the political thought of both thinkers by examining the thoughts of two thinkers. And in search of an answer to this question, how did Asabiyyah and industry of religion in Ibn Khaldun's thought and social control through self-technology and discipline in Foucault's thought lead to the expansion of the domination of power? This article is written by analytically comparing the opinions of two thinkers based on Ibn Khaldun's most important book called Muqaddimah and Foucault's late works

Happiness as something positive is vital to being healthy. It may be influenced by individual or environmental factors. The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of social happiness and despair among young men and women from the young’s and experts’ point of view. This research carried out by theme analysis.Statistical population consists of 60 people (47 young and 13 experts) selected by a purposeful sampling method. Findings revealed that external and social factors like economical problems, unemployment and underemployment had highest priority in social happiness. Conversely, personal factors such as motivation, religious beliefs, self satisfaction, health and personality were found to have limited role in social happiness. The same finding was found about social despair. The experts, unlike the youth argued that personal factors like life goal and identity seeking are more important in creating happiness or despair. So, we come to this conclusion that marriage, job, inter-family relationship and, much importantly and economic consistency are noticeable to make the youth become happy and satisfied. Therefore, planners and decision makers must refer to young peoples’ points of view to find what prevent them to stay happy.